Statistical comparison of Campylobacter jejuni subtypes from human cases and environmental sources

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Abstract
Aim: To analyse Campylobacter jejuni typing data to define statistically which potential reservoirs and transmission sources contain isolates that are most similar to one another and to isolates from human infections. Methods and Results: Serotyping and SmaI macrorestriction profiling data for C. jejuni isolates from human campylobacteriosis cases, chicken carcass rinses, duck, sheep, dairy and beef cattle faeces, river water, and sheep, beef and pork offal obtained from a defined rural area of New Zealand were compared using the Czekanowski proportional similarity index. Subtypes of isolates from ruminant animals, whether derived from their faeces or offals, were generally similar to one another. The spectrum of isolate subtypes from human cases was more similar to that from ruminant faeces than the other matrices considered. Isolate subtypes from chicken rinses, pork offal, water and duck faeces were not highly similar to those from other matrices. Conclusions: Results from a combination of phenotypic and genotypic approaches suggest that, for this rural population, exposures associated with a rural lifestyle may be significant sources of human campylobacteriosis. Significance and Impact of the Study: The Czekanowski index was applied to subtyping data and supported the greater importance of contact with livestock in campylobacteriosis cases associated with a rural setting, in comparison with urban studies that have identified poultry‐related factors.