Puparia of Cyclorrhaphous Diptera from Bovine Dung in Open Pasture and Rangeland in the Transition Zone of Western North America

Abstract
A key and descriptions are presented for puparia of 26 species of cyclorrhaphous Diptera reared from undisturbed bovine dung in open pasture and rangeland. The fauna from dung of confined animals is considered ecologically distinct from the pasture fauna treated here. Species in the following genera and families are included: Calythea, Hylemya, and Scatophaga of the Anthomyiidae; Gymnodia, Haematobia, Hydrotaea, Hypodermodes, Morellia, Musca, Myospila, Orthellia, Pseudophaonia, and Spilogona of the Muscidae; Oxysarcodexia and Ravinia of the Sarcophagidae. Puparia of Sepsidae and Sphaeroceridae are treated at the family level only.