Evidence for a dual innervation affecting local blood flow in the hypothalamus of the conscious rabbit.

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Abstract
We have attempted to evaluate the role of adrenergic nerves which arise from the superior cervical ganglia or which are intracerebral throughout their course, in the control of local cerebral blood flow (CBF). Hypothalamic blood flow (HBF) was measured in the conscious rabbit by the 133Xe-clearance technique. Stimulation of the upper brainstem, using 5-Hz, 3-V, 1-msec, square wave pulses, increased by HBF by a mean of 7.6 ml/100 g per min (P less than 0.005). This effect was abolished by the intrahypothalamic injection of the beta-adrenoreceptor blocker, propranolol, and by chemical sympathectomy of the hypothalamus or of the upper brainstem with 6-hydroxydopamine, but was not altered by bilateral cervical ganglionectomy. Intrahypothalamic injection of 0.1 mug of tyramine caused a mean decrease in HBF of 15.6 ml/100 g per min (P less than 0.001). This effect of intrahypothalamic injection of tyramine was abolished by bilateral cervical sympathectomy but not by chemical sympathectomy of the upper brainstem. These results support the idea that local CBF, at least in the hypothalamus, is mediated by two distinct pathways. The first consists of the sympathetic nerves which arise in the cervical ganglia, and which activate intrahypothalamic alpha-receptors to cause constriction. The second is an entirely intracerebral noradrenergic pathway which stimulates beta-receptors to cause vasodilation.