Sensitive Enzyme Immunoassay with β- d -Galactosidase—Fab Conjugate for Detection of Type A Influenza Virus Antigen in Clinical Specimens

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Abstract
The most sensitive method for diagnosis of type A influenza virus infection is isolation of the agent in cell culture. However, detection and identification may require several days to complete. This delay in diagnosis prevents effective use of the antiviral agents available for treatment of type A influenza infection. As a rapid diagnostic method, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is attaining increased usage for direct detection of viral antigen in clinical specimens. Standard EIA techniques, however, are usually not sensitive enough for reliable detection of viral antigen in respiratory secretions. We developed a conjugate consisting of the antigen-binding fragment of goat antirabbit immunoglobulin G coupled to β-d-galactosidase, using the heterobifunctional reagent N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate. Other immunoreagents in our EIA consisted of guinea pig and rabbit antisera to influenza A/Brazil/11/78 (H1N1) for microtiter plate coating and primary antiserum, respectively. The sensitivity of this EIA was tested with 60 clinical specimens containing influenza A/England/333/80 (H1N1) which closely resembles A/Brazil. Of 31 initial specimens, collected within 24 h of the onset of symptoms, 27 (87%) were positive, using a fluorgenic substrate, and 18 of 29 (62%) specimens obtained 12 to 60 h after the initial specimens were positive, for a total of 75% (45 of 60). All positive reactions were specific, as shown in a confirmatory test with preimmune and hyperimmune guinea pig globulins. Clinical specimens negative for virus (n = 33) or containing heterologous respiratory viruses (n = 26) were negative in this system. These results indicate that EIA systems can be developed with a sensitivity approaching that required for clinical usefulness.