Reconstruction of the clean and metal-adsorbed Ge(111) surface

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Abstract
The ion-bombardment-cleaned Ge(111) surface has been observed to undergo (√3 × √3 )R30° reconstruction prior to the (2×8) reconstruction. This (√3 × √3 ) surface structure is also observed upon adsorption of Li and Ag. By comparing the measured low-energy electron-diffraction I-V curves of the clean surface (√3 × √3 ) reconstructed structure with those of (√3 × √3 ) structures of the Li- and Ag-adsorbed surfaces, it is concluded that all (√3 × √3 ) structures result from surface reconstruction. In addition, a (1×3) structure on the Ge(111) surface has been also observed as a result of the adsorption of Li, Na, and K. The equivalence of the I-V curves for the three (1×3) structures indicates that germanium surface reconstruction is responsible for the (1×3) structure. The coverage dependence of the alkali-metal-induced reconstructions is identified.