Appearance energies fro tungsten ions field-evaporated from ionic bonding states

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Abstract
General formulae are derived for the standard field-ion appearance energies associated with desorption from ionic bonding states. Values for tungsten are obtained using the image-potential approximation, and are compared with the measured appearance energy for W3+ions. The measured value is compatible with field evaporation from a primarily ionic bonding state, but a better understanding of correlation-type interactions at charged surfaces is necessary if useful information about initial bonding state is to be derived from appearance-energy measurements alone.