Biological Control of Fruit Flies1

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Abstract
Biological control measures against fruit flies of the family Tephritidae have been undertaken in many countries, but most successfully in Hawaii. Importations into those Islands during 1912-14 resulted in establishment of 5 parasite spp. on the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), of which Opius tryoni was most effective in reducing field infestations, especially in coffee. Collections of oriental fruit fly (Dacus orientalis) parasites from many parts of the world during 1947-51 resulted in 11 spp. becoming established, of which O. oophilus was most effective, parasitizing 70-75% of the larvae. Its attack resulted in a large reduction in the pest populations. Attempts to establish fruit fly parasites in other countries have mostly been unsuccessful, mainly because of inadequate rearing and colonization programs.

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