Effects of boron profiles on the open circuit voltage of p-i-n and n-i-p amorphous silicon solar cells

Abstract
Data are presented showing that boron carryover into the i layer is responsible for the commonly observed difference in open circuit voltage between pin and nip amorphous silicon solar cells. It is proposed that the lower voltage samples are being limited by surface recombination at the p/i interface and that boron carryover reduces this recombination current. The Voc is then able to rise to the point where it is limited by the bulk recombination current.