Essential Roles of c-Rel in TLR-Induced IL-23 p19 Gene Expression in Dendritic Cells

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Abstract
IL-23 plays crucial roles in both immunity against pathogens and autoimmunity against self. Although it is well recognized that IL-23 expression is restricted to the myeloid lineage and is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level, the nature of transcription factors required for IL-23 expression is poorly understood. We report, in this study, that murine dendritic cells deficient in c-Rel, a member of the NF-κB family, are severely compromised in their ability to transcribe the p19 gene, one of the two genes that encode the IL-23 protein. The p19 gene promoter contains three putative NF-κB binding sites, two of which can effectively bind c-Rel as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation and EMSA. Unexpectedly, mutation of either of these two c-Rel binding sites completely abolished the p19 promoter activity induced by five TLRs (2, 3, 4, 6, and 9) and four members of the NF-κB family (c-Rel, p65, p100, and p105). Based on these observations, we conclude that c-Rel controls IL-23 p19 gene expression through two κB sites in the p19 promoter, and propose a c-Rel-dependent enhanceosome model for p19 gene activation.