Kinetic model for nitrogen‐limited wine fermentations

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Abstract
A physical and mathematical model for wine fermentation kinetics has been developed to predict sugar utilization curves based on experimental data from wine fermentations with various initial nitrogen and sugar concentrations in the juice. The model is based on: (1) yeast cell growth limited by nitrogen; (2) sugar utilization rates and ethanol production rates proportional solely to the number of viable cells; and (3) a death rate for cells proportional to alcohol content. All but one parameter in the model can be estimated from existing data. However, experiments to find this final parameter, a constant describing cell death, indicate that cell death may not be the critical factor in determining fermentation kinetics as cell viability remains significant until sugar utilization has ceased. The model, nevertheless, predicts a transition from normal to sluggish to stuck fermentations as initial nitrogen levels decrease. It also predicts that fermentations with high initial Brix levels may go to completion when supplemented with nitrogen in the form of ammonia. Therefore, we hypothesize that the model is valid but that ethanol causes the yeast cells to become inactive while remaining viable. Experimental verification of the model has been performed using flask‐scale experiments. The model has also been used to evaluate the possibility of using nitrogen or viable cell additions to avoid or correct problem (i.e., sluggish or stuck) fermentations. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 49–60, 2002.