Aroma Comparisons of Traditional and Mild Yogurts: Headspace Gas Chromatography Quantification of Volatiles and Origin of α-Diketones

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Abstract
A quick headspace GC method for quantification of volatiles was developed, involving only minor sample preparation. Yogurt flavor compounds could be quantified in the micrograms per kilogram to milligrams per kilogram range without any difficulty, despite the complex matrix. Volatiles of traditional acidic and mild, less acidic yogurts were compared, and important differences were found for acetaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, and 2,3-pentanedione. Concentrations of 2,3-butanedione and 2,3-pentanedione increased 2−3-fold in mild, less acidic yogurts compared to traditional acidic ones. This is due to accumulation of the precursors of the diketones, 2-acetolactate and 2-acetohydroxybutyrate, during fermentation in mild, less acidic yogurt. These precursors are subsequently converted to the corresponding diketones during storage. On the contrary, acetaldehyde formation was reduced in the mild yogurt, due to growth differences between the lactic acid bacteria used for fermentation of the milk. The quantitative results presented in this study validate previous GC sniffing conclusions (Ott et al. J. Agric. Food Chem.1997, 45, 850−858), showing that yogurt aroma is the superposition of impact flavor compounds generated by fermentation on milk compounds. Keywords: Quantification; yogurt; headspace GC; aroma; volatiles; milk; fermentation; acetaldehyde; 2,3-butanedione; 2,3-pentanedione; 2-acetolactate; 2-acetohydroxybutyrate