Auditory Pathways in the Budgerigar

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Abstract
The projections of two telencephalic areas in receipt of projections from the auditory relay nucleus of the thalamus (nucleus ovoidalis) were studied in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) with autoradiographic methods. These nuclei are called field ''L'' and neostriatum intermedium pars dorsolateralis (NIDL). The results show that neurons in both fields project laterally to a portion of the neostriatum intermedium pars ventrolateralis (NIVL) and rostrally to the rostromedial archistriatum. Horseradish peroxidase experiments confirm these projections and indicate that field ''L'', NIDL and NIVL also receive projections from neurons in the hyperstriatum ventrale (HV). The projections of field ''L'' and NIDL neurons to the rostromedial archistriatum may act as pathways subserving auditory feedback. Neurons in this portion of th archistriatum project to the contralateral field ''L'', NIDL and NIVL. Furthermore, the medial archistriatal projection field of neurons within field ''L'', NIDL and NIVL (i.e., rostromedial arachistriatum) is located adjacent to a large archistriatal neuronal field projecting to the medulla, including the lateral reticular formation of the medulla. This large archistriatal field includes the nucleus archistriatlis robustus, the telencephalic nucleus identified as the source of projections to the lower motoneurons of the syrinx. Thus, projections from auditory tenecephalic areas to the rostromedial archistriatum may serve functions related to processes associated with learning and vocal motor control.