Wetting of Si surfaces by Au–Si liquid alloys

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Abstract
The behavior of liquid Au–Si alloys on Si surfaces covered by a monolayer of gold has been investigated by ultrahigh-vacuum scanning electron microscopy. On the (111) surface, the alloy displays a constant contact angle with the surface from the eutectic temperature up to a temperature of 650 °C and thereafter the contact angle increases linearly with temperature. As observed in previous work, the shape of the liquid droplets changes from circular at lower temperature to hexagonal at higher temperature. In contrast, on the (100) surface, the contact angle increases linearly from the eutectic temperature to high temperature. The behavior of the shape of the droplets is, however, reversed: it is polygonal (octagonal) at lower temperature and becomes round at higher temperature. This behavior is explained in terms of the relative surface energy of the two surfaces and changing line tension of the liquid–solid–vapor phase line. In addition, the behavior of Au–Si droplets on vicinal and patterned surfaces of Si has been examined. The droplets cause step bunching and modify the local surface structure. Solidification of the droplets on all surfaces leads to phase separation.