Microhabitat use and hindwing phenotype in Hipparchia semele (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae): thermoregulation and background matching

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Abstract
1. Microhabitat use and background matching by adult Hipparchia semele (L.) in a coastal sand dune site in south Wales were studied during the flight period of 1986.2. Microhabitat use by both sexes is related to temperature and activity. When settling substrates are cool, typically during the early morning, most individuals are located on the warmest basking substrate, lichen patches. After a period of warming, males perch to locate mates on exposed areas of sand where there is a large field of view and where they are visually apparent. Egg‐laying females tend to settle on lichen patches throughout the day.3. Overall, females are maximally visually cryptic when settled on lichen patches with unexposed forewings. Male crypsis on lichen is less effective, but greater on most other substrates, than that of females. It is argued that individuals match lichen patches because this substrate is used when they are most liable to detection and capture by vertebrate predators. Male crypsis is probably a compromise between maximizing protection on lichen patches and requirements for resemblance to other substrates.4. The underside hindwing phenotype does not match sand. Background matching to this substrate is probably not important because it tends to be used when individuals are active and can effectively use secondary defence mechanisms.5. It is suggested that the apical eyespot and orange patch on the forewing underside have a dual role in secondary defence, acting as a startling and deflective device, being exposed by disturbed individuals and by those engaged in activities which may disrupt the visual crypsis afforded by the hindwing underside.