Effect of osteochondral defects on articular cartilage: Contact pressures studied in dog knees

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Abstract
Full thickness osteochondral defects 6 mm in diameter were created in the weight-bearing regions of the femoral condyles in 5 adult mongrel dogs to study the contact pressure changes accompanying healing. A digital imaging technique employing Fuji Prescale film mapped contact pressures following 11 months of healing for comparison with contralateral normal knees, and knees with freshly made defects. Although all defects healed uneventfully with subchondral plate reconstitution and with growth restoration of the articular surface, the repair soft tissue appeared histologically to be primarily fibrous tissue, with varying degrees of a fibrocartilaginous component. The mean and peak stresses about fresh defects were not appreciably different from those about healed defects. Neither were there substantial differences in the total cartilage area making contact, except when very low loads were applied. The results suggest that the repair tissue is of poor mechanical quality, and does not contribute appreciably to weight bearing. The cartilage adjacent to the defect did not experience high stresses; neither gross nor light microscopic evidence of degeneration appeared at 11 months. If degeneration does occur following such defects, our data suggest that it is not because of elevated contact stresses.