Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity

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Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is the potent disease agent in botulism, a potential biological weapon and an effective therapeutic drug for involuntary muscle disorders. The crystal structure of the entire 1,285 amino acid di-chain neurotoxin was determined at 3.3 Å resolution. The structure reveals that the translocation domain contains a central pair of αhelices 105 Å long and a ~50 residue loop or belt that wraps around the catalytic domain. This belt partially occludes a large channel leading to a buried, negative active site — a feature that calls for radically different inhibitor design strategies from those currently used. The fold of the translocation domain suggests a mechanism of pore formation different from other toxins. Lastly, the toxin appears as a hybrid of varied structural motifs and suggests a modular assembly of functional subunits to yield pathogenesis.