Component wear of total knee prostheses using Ti‐6Al‐4V, titanium nitride coated Ti‐6Al‐4V, and cobalt‐chromium‐molybdenum femoral components

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Abstract
A knee simulator was used to study the wear of carbon fiber reinforced UHMWPE(Poly Two) (Poly Two is a registered trademark of Zimmer, USA) tibial and patellar components against Ti‐6Al‐4V, titanium nitride (TiN)‐coated Ti‐6Al‐4V, and cobaltchromium‐molybdenum femoral components. The prostheses tested were regular sized Miller‐Galante total knees mounted on 316L stainless steel fixtures using bone cement. An environmental chamber surrounded the knee and maintained bovine serum lubricant at 37°C. The specimens were tested using consecutive blocks of 464 level walking steps, 8 ascending stairs and 8 descending stairs for a total of 100,000 steps. The wear mechanisms found on the tibial components were scratching, carbon fiber associated damage, surface deformation, pitting, minor abrasion, and delamination. Three forms of carbon fiber associated damage were identified; fibers pulled from the surface, broken fibers, and UHMWPE removed from the surface fibers. The SEM evaluation revealed a pit forming mechanism. No correlation was found between femoral component material and tibial surface damage. Visual examination of the femoral components revealed no signs of wear or scratching on the cobalt‐chromium‐molybdenum or TiN‐coated Ti‐6Al‐4V components. There were, however, many light surface scratches on the uncoated Ti‐6Al‐4V components, which were also observed in a supplementary test of an uncoated Ti‐6Al‐4V component tested with a conventional polyethylene tibial component.
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