Normally-off high-contrast asymmetric Fabry–Perot reflection modulator using Wannier–Stark localization in a superlattice

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Abstract
A normally‐off surface normal Fabry–Perot reflection modulator with a contrast ratio of more than 60:1 with an operating voltage swing of 8 V has been demonstrated. The asymmetric Fabry–Perot structure consists of 100 periods of a 30 Å GaAs/30 Å Al0.3Ga0.7As superlattice sandwiched between a highly reflecting quarter‐wavelength stack on the substrate side, and a less reflecting front mirror (air‐semiconductor interface) on the top. The net Fabry–Perot reflection is turned on by reducing the cavity loss at resonance through the blue‐shifted electroabsorption effect of Wannier–Stark localization in the superlattice.