Growth in utero and blood pressure levels in the next generation

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Abstract
To determine whether blood pressure levels in adult life are related to the mother's fetal growth and size at birth. A follow-up study of men and women whose mothers' or fathers' size at birth was recorded in Preston, Lancashire, UK. Two hundred and twenty-eight men and women born in Preston, Lancashire, UK, and still living in Lancashire. Blood pressure at 18-40 years of age. Systolic and diastolic pressures fell with increasing mother's birthweight and head circumference. Systolic pressure fell by 2.4 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1-4.7) for each pound increase in mother's birthweight and by 4.0 mmHg (95% CI 0.2-7.8) for each one inch increase in head circumference. These associations were little changed by adjusting for length of gestation or for the subject's age, sex, body mass index or alcohol consumption. They were independent of the mother's blood pressure. As expected, mothers' birthweights were strongly related to their children's birthweights (P= 0.009), but the association between mother's birthweight and offspring's blood pressure was largely independent of this. Father's size at birth was not related to the offspring's blood pressure. If the growth of a female fetus is constrained by lack of nutrients, there are persisting changes in her physiology and metabolism which lead to reduced fetal growth and raised blood pressure in the next generation. Public health policies to improve fetal growth in one generation may therefore benefit succeeding generations as well.