Selection of anti-scatter grids for different imaging tasks: the advantage of low atomic number cover and interspace materials

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Abstract
A Monte Carlo computer program has been developed for the study of anti-scatter grids used in diagnostic radiology. The program estimates the scatter from soft tissue phantoms representative of either adult or paediatric examinations and uses dose increase, signal-to-noise ratio improvement and contrast improvement factors to study grid performance. It has been used to quantify the advantage of replacing grids with aluminium covers and interspaces by grids using materials of low atomic number for these components. Two approaches are used. First, the aluminium and low atomic number alternatives are compared for five grid ratios at fixed strip density and width and for tube potentials of 50, 70, 100 and 150 kV. Second, 44 commercially available grids are compared for three different imaging situations (lumbar spine, chest and paediatric). The results demonstrate that grids made with carbon fibre cover and cotton fibre interspace result in greater improvements in contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, and lower dose increase factors, than do grids made with aluminium. The dose reduction varies with irradiation conditions and is generally larger at lower tube potentials, higher grid ratios and lower strip densities. A typical reduction in mean absorbed dose in the patient is 30% in an adult lumbar spine (AP view) at 70 kV with a grid with 36 strips per centimetre and ratio 12.