Ripple formation induced in localized abrasion

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Abstract
The formation of nanometer-scale patterns while scratching a KBr(001) surface with a scanning force microscope in ultrahigh vacuum is reported. Wear of single atomic layers has been observed when the microscope tip is repeatedly scanned across a line. The initially flat surface is rearranged in a quasiperiodic pattern of mounds and pits. The distance between the pits is about 40 nm when normal forces of a few nanonewtons are applied, and it slowly increases with the load. If a square area is scanned, a pattern of ripples is formed. These features can be interpreted within an erosion process induced by a periodic increase of the strain produced by the scanning tip.