Characterization of the pulsed laser evaporation process: Selenium thin-film formation

Abstract
Selenium (Se) films were prepared by pulsed laser evaporation of the elemental powder in vacuum. Film growth rates as a function of average laser power (0.1–5 W/cm2) and wavelength (266–1064 nm) were measured. The angular distribution of evaporated material was found to be unusually narrow for wavelengths shorter than the Se absorption edge (∼600 nm). The photon efficiency for evaporation ranged from 0.4 to 0.1 atoms/photon for 266 to 1064 nm light, respectively.