Diagnosis of renal artery stenosis with magnetic resonance angiography: update 2003.

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Abstract
Three‐dimensional (3D) gadolinium magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has been established as a safe and reliable technique for detection and grading of renal artery stenosis. Due to the lack of need for nephrotoxic contrast agents and ionizing radiation, this technique is particularly attractive for patients with kidney transplants or those with renal failure. With the introduction of high performance MR systems with fewer upfront costs and cheaper maintenance, the technique has gained widespread use even in community hospitals and private practices.