Abstract
When a surface is made, 1/4 of an electronic state is removed at band edges for each value of the wavevector parallel to the surface. This is shown by using a mode-counting argument, and also by the matching Green function method in which the change in density of states is given in terms of surface values of the bulk and vacuum Green functions. The removal of 1/4 of a state at the bottom of the band, with the requirement of charge neutrality, leads to the surface phase-shift rule.

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