The vascular supply of the rat tympanic membrane

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Abstract
The vascular supply of the rat tympanic membrane (TM) was studied by means of otomicroscopy, angiography, acrylic casts, and light microscopy. The branches of the external carotid artery in the external auditory meatus were found to vascularize (1) the pars flaccida, (2) the manubrial part of the pars tensa, and (3) the junction between the fibrocartilaginous ring of the TM and the tympanic sulcus of the temporal bone. The TM vessels of areas 1 and 2 were found beneath the squamous epithelium, close to mast cells and nerve bundles. Vessels originating from the tympanic cavity (also probably emanating from the external carotid artery) supplied the periphery of the pars tensa with minute branches, localized immediately beneath the tympanal epithelium. The portion of the pars tensa between the manubrial part and the periphery lacked a vascular system. Upon mechanical stimulation (gentle pressure on the handle of the malleus), the normally visible vessels dilated and minute branches appeared. This dilation may be caused, at least partly, by a release of vasoactive substances from mast cells and/or nerves in its vicinity. Even under mechanical stimulation, a large portion of the pars tensa seemed to be devoid of vessels. The nutrition of this part may be served by diffusion, with nutrients originating from the vessels in the tympanal rim and along the handle of the malleus. The architecture of the attachment of the fibrocartilaginous ring to the bony sulcus of the temporal bone is quite unique. Thus, the flow in the dense vascular network between these structures may be affected by an altered tension in the pars tensa.