Tolerance to Permethrin and Fenvalerate in Hymenopterous Parasitoids Associated with Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

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Abstract
Tolerances to permethrin and fenvalerate residues were determined in several species of parasitoid Hymenoptera associated with Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Hawaii. Diglyphus begini (Ashmead) (Eulophidae) was significantly more tolerant to both compounds than Chrysonotomyia punctiventris Crawford (Eulophidae) and Ganaspidium utilis Beardsley (Eucoilidae). Halticoptera circulus (Walker) (Pteromalidae) and G. utilis exhibited the lowest tolerances to permethrin and fenvalerate, respectively. LC50s of parasitoids assayed with fenvalerate were higher than those for permethrin. Comparisons of tolerances of the various parasitoid species with data previously reported for L. sativae and L. trifolii revealed a pattern of medium to high tolerances in the parasitoids relative to the leafminers. D. begini had significantly higher LC50s to both pyrethroids than those reported for the Liriomyza spp.