Genotype- and age-associated in vivo cytogenetic alterations following mutagenic exposures in mice

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Abstract
We studied mice from eight genetic strains at two ages (young, 10 weeks; and old, more than 80 weeks) for cytogenetic alterations (sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronulei, and metaphase indices) following challenges by two known mutagens: N-nitrosoethyl urea (ENU, 17 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (CP, 4.5 mg/kg) on bone marrow cells in vivo. The data were used to evaluate the effect of age, genotype, and differential aging patterns of genotypes in relative susceptibility to chromosomal breakage and instability in otherwise normal individuals. The older animals had a higher frequency of micronuclei, reduced metaphase indices, and lower SCE/cell as compared with their younger counterparts. Treatment with both mutagens significantly increased micronuclei and SCEs/cell in almost all strains at both ages but had little effect on the frequency of cells in metaphase. Among individual differences for SCEs/cell at most treatment combinations were not significant. In general, the induced SCEs (treatment–control) are significantly higher in older animals, variable among strains, and relatively higher as a result of CP than the ENU treatment. When the age effect was evaluated as the difference of SCE/cell in old and SCE/cell in young animals of each genotype–treatment combination, an age-dependent pattern was evident. In the presence of a mutagen the pattern in aging response was highly variable and strain (genotype) dependent. This variability may be viewed as subtle inherent genetic predisposition of sensitivity to mutagens that could be evaluated only using sensitive measures (e.g., SCE and not micronuclei) following more than one mutagenic challenges. These subtle differences coud become pronounced when these parameters are evaluated at different ages on the same genotype. Although these observations suggest that even normal individuals differ in their relative sensitivity to genetic instability, it may not be easy to recognize these differences in simple experimental protocols.Key words: age effect, sister chromatid exchange, mutagenesis, micronuclei.