Surface-atom core-level binding-energy shifts for Cu(100)

Abstract
The shift of 2p core-level binding energies associated with surface atoms relative to bulk atoms has been determined for a Cu(100) surface using x-ray photoemission. Surface sensitivity was enhanced by utilizing the signal from electrons emitted at 80° to the surface normal. The primary surface peak was observed to be shifted by 0.3 eV to lower binding energies and a second peak by 0.7 eV.