Mechanism of mitochondrial stress-induced resistance to apoptosis in mitochondrial DNA-depleted C2C12 myocytes

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Abstract
In this study, we show that partial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion (mitochondrial stress) induces resistance to staurosporine (STP)-mediated apoptosis in C2C12 myoblasts. MtDNA-depleted cells show a 3–4-fold increased proapoptotic proteins (Bax, BAD and Bid), markedly increased antiapoptotic Bcl-2, and reduced processing of p21 Bid to active tBid. The protein levels and also the ability to undergo STP-mediated apoptosis were restored in reverted cells containing near-normal mtDNA levels and restored mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Inhibition of apoptosis closely correlated with sequestration of Bax, Bid and BAD in the mitochondrial inner membrane, increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, and inability to process p21 Bid. These factors, together with the reduced activation of caspases 3, 9 and 8 are possible causes of mitochondrial stress-induced resistance to apoptosis. Our results suggest that a highly proliferative and invasive behavior of mtDNA-depleted C2C12 cells is related to their resistance to apoptosis.