Monitoring of freshness of milk by an electronic tongue on the basis of voltammetry

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Abstract
We describe an electronic tongue which consists of a reference electrode, an auxiliary electrode and five wires of different metals (gold, iridium, palladium, platinum and rhodium) as working electrodes. The measurement principle is based on pulsed voltammetry, in which successive voltage pulses of gradually changing amplitudes are applied to the working electrodes connected in a standard three-electrode configuration. The five working electrodes were successively connected and corresponding current-response transients are recorded. The electronic tongue was used to follow the deterioration of the quality of milk due to microbial growth when milk is stored at room temperature. The data obtained were treated with principal component analysis and the deterioration process could clearly be followed in the diagrams. To make models for predictions, projections to latent structure and artificial neural networks were used. When they had been trained, both models could satisfactorily predict the course of bacterial growth in the milk samples.

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