Ponderomotive force in a nonisothermal plasma

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Abstract
In this paper a formula is derived for the ponderomotive force of electromagnetic fields in collisionless and inhomogeneous plasma when the temperature varies slowly in space and time. This result, compared to the current formula for the isothermal case, has an additional term that involves the temperature gradient. The new result is valid in anisotropic medium and better suited for application to both laboratory and space plasma situations in which the plasma is anisotropic.