Functional projections from striate cortex and superior temporal sulcus to the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract (DTN) of macaque monkeys

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Abstract
The nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and the dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract (DTN) have been recognized to be relevant structures for optokinetic and vestibuloocular reflexes. NOT‐DTN neurons relay visual information to the vestibular nuclei via the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi and to the flocculus via the dorsal cap of the inferior olive. It has been previously shown that in carnivores the NOT‐DTN receives information from primary visual cortical areas in addition to the direct retinal input. In this study we demonstrate the presence and some functional characteristics such as latency and evicacy of considerable cortical projections to the NOT‐DTN in macaque monkeys. In anaesthetized and paralyzed monkeys NOT‐DTN neurons were identified physiologically and tested for cortical input by electrical stimulation in various cortical areas. Successful sites of stimulation to activate NOT‐DTN neurons orthodromically lie in the primary visual cortex (V1) and in the motion‐processing areas in the superior temporal sulcus (STS). In contrast, electrical stimulation in area V4 and in parietal areas in most cases did not yield orthodromic responses. Overall latencies of action potentials elicited by stimulation in V1 were 0.5 ms longer than those elicited from STS. These short latency differences between V1 and STS stimulation suggest a direct projection from both V1 and STS to the NOT‐DTN. The physiological results were supported by the results of anatomical experiments by using horseradish peroxidase as anterograde tracer. Both injections into V1 and into the lower bank of STS resulted in anterogradely labelled fibers and terminals around the recording sites of direction‐specific NOT‐DTN neurons. This paper is a first step in clarifying the significance of corticofugal projections from individual areas involved in the analysis of visual motion for the optokinetic reflex.