In Vivo Studies on the Metabolism of the Monoterpenes S-(+)- and R-(−)-Carvone in Humans Using the Metabolism of Ingestion-Correlated Amounts (MICA) Approach

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Abstract
The major in vivo metabolites of S-(+)- and R-(−)-carvone in a metabolism of ingestion correlated amounts (MICA) experiment were newly identified as α,4-dimethyl-5-oxo-3-cyclohexene-1-acetic acid (dihydrocarvonic acid), α-methylene-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-cyclohexene-1-acetic acid (carvonic acid), and 5-(1,2-dihydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (uroterpenolone) on the basis of mass spectral analysis in combination with syntheses and NMR experiments. Minor metabolites were identified as reduction products of carvone, namely, the alcohols carveol and dihydrocarveol. The previously identified major in vivo metabolite in rabbits, 10-hydroxycarvone, could not be detected, indicating either concentration effects or interspecies differences. Metabolic pathways for carvone in humans including oxidation of the double bond in the side chain and, to a minor extent 1,2- and 1,4 + 1,2-reduction of carvone, are discussed. No differences in metabolism between S-(+)- and R-(−)-carvone were detected. Keywords: Metabolism of ingestion correlated amounts (MICA); urinary metabolites; α,4-dimethyl-5-oxo-3-cyclohexene-1-acetic acid; α-methylene-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-cyclohexene-1-acetic acid; 5-(1,2-dihydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one; carvone; carveol; dihydrocarveol

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