Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Property, and Anti-influenza Viral Activity of Chinese Quince (Pseudocydonia sinensisSchneid.), Quince (Cydonia oblongaMill.), and Apple (Malus domesticaMill.) Fruits

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Abstract
To evaluate the phenolic extracts of Chinese quince, quince, and apple fruits, their phenolic profiles, antioxidant properties, and anti-influenza viral activities were investigated. Chinese quince had the largest amount of phenolics consisting mainly of high polymeric procyanidins. Quince had considerable amounts of hydroxycinnamic derivatives mainly composed of 3-caffeoylquinic acid and 5-caffeoylquinic acid and polymeric procyanidins. Apple (cv. Fuji) had the lowest amount of phenolics, mainly 5-caffeoylquinic acid and monomeric and oligomeric procyanidins. The antioxidant functions of Chinese quince and quince phenolic extracts were superior to that of chlorogenic acid standard or ascorbic acid evaluated in both the linoleic acid peroxidation system and the DPPH radical scavenging system. However, those extracts were less effective than apple phenolics or (−)-epicatechin in linoleic acid peroxidation system. On the other hand, Chinese quince phenolics showed the strongest anti-influenza viral activity on the hemagglutination inhibition test. Keywords: Chinese quince; quince; apple; fruit extracts; phenolic profile; procyanidins; degree of polymerization; hydroxycinnamic acids; antioxidant activity; free radical scavenging activity; anti-influenza viral activity