A Comparison of Three Strategies to Reduce Student Procrastination in PSI

Abstract
Student procrastination in one the most serious drawbacks of self-paced learning. Our study investigated the effectiveness of three types of course contingencies (contracting, doomsday, and doomsday with tokens) designed to reduce student procrastination in a personalized system of instruction (PSI) course. Students participants (N = 610). Student progress was fastest, p < .001, and course completion was most likely, p <.01, in the contracting condition, which was also the most costly in terms of administrative effort.